CRUD in PWR/VVER and BWR Primary Circuits

The objective of this report is to provide members with the basic understanding of the mechanisms involved and their relationship to material performance and activity buildup. Content of the report is outlined below.

• Fuel cladding failures due to accelerated corrosion
• Axial Offset Anomaly (AOA)
• Pressure drop problems especially in CANDU-plants and VVER units
• Build-up of out-of-core radiation fields
• Shutdown extensions due to high activity releases (Coolant clean-up)
• Increased generation of radioactive waste
• Interference with inspection necessities

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Effect of Zink in BWR and PWR/VVER on Activity Build-Up, IGSCC and Fuel Performance

This Report gives a comprehensive understanding of the zinc chemistry mechanism and information on how Zinc Chemistry in BWR and PWR plants was introduced in the plants and explains the results achieved. This information is useful not only for utilities that are intending to apply Zinc Chemistry in the near future in their plants and for selecting strategies for adding zinc; but also for those utilities that are already applying Zinc Chemistry in order to optimize their strategy based on international experience. It will also be useful for Manufacturers and Regulators.

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Introduction to Boiling Water Reactor Chemistry

VOLUME II
This report is the second volume out of two focusing on BWR chemistry. This volume II takes a closer look at corrosion of structural materials covering the following topics:

• Corrosion Considerations
• Stress Corrosion Cracking Mitigation
• Start-up IGSCC Mitigation
• Shutdown Dose Rate Minimization
• Reactor Water Purity Transients
• Surveillance Programs

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Introduction to Boiling Water Reactor Chemistry

VOLUME I
This report is the first volume out of two focusing on BWR chemistry. A review and discussion of the BWR chemistry fundamentals that are necessary to understand and describe the requirements of the BWR water specifications is provided in this volume. This discussion includes the basics of water radiolysis, the dynamic process that establishes the concentration of oxygen and hydrogen gas in the reactor water, the consequences of tramp uranium and leaking fuel rods on chemistry and other relevant topics.

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